Progressive tax rate
Tax base and set of tax bases When determining the tax base, all incomes of an individual that are received by him both in cash and in kind or the…

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The first rule of building a group of companies without signs of artificial fragmentation
Let's remember what we know about business processes? They have a beginning and an end, that is, they have boundaries in time. There is an “exit”, to which a unique…

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Margin analysis: which areas and products bring in more money
Let's imagine that confectioner Vasya Yagodkin sells one hundred cakes with raspberries and one hundred with currants every month. Raspberry ones bring him 50,000 rubles, and currants - only 30,000…

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What is microbusiness
Starting your own microbusiness is much easier than it sounds. Whether you are making jewelry by hand, printing something for sale or sewing, half the battle is already done. It…

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Direct and indirect costs or why it is impossible to count net profit by line of business
In companies with several divisions and branches, it is difficult to calculate the profit of each. You can subtract all expenses from all income and get some value. But this…

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service a loan

Convertible loan as an investment tool

Тtraditionally, investment transactions are realized through ordinary loans or direct investments (creation of a joint venture or purchase of a stake in an existing company). Today we will consider a difficult but interesting investment instrument – a convertible loan.

Briefly refresh what tasks classical instruments solve
Loans are used when a company (borrower) needs to finance short-term or long-term projects, and an investor (lender) wants to capitalize on this by claiming interest income. Neither the borrower nor the lender is interested in building strong corporate relationships. Continue reading

Operating leverage: what happens to profit margins if revenues fall. And if it grows up?
Usually business owners are interested in two interrelated indicators: revenue and profit. Revenue shows how much the company earned, and profit shows how much is left after deducting expenses. Most…

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Someone turned in a report for you: how scammers use business to their advantage
Some entrepreneurs outsource bookkeeping to professionals to keep records and submit reports. This is a normal situation. But sometimes reports are submitted by unknown people. This is an abnormal situation…

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When you can't do without an agency agreement
We have repeatedly talked about the pros and cons of an agency agreement (see, for example, here), pointing out the need for a deliberate approach to the use of the…

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